Germanium (Ge)

Germanium (Ge)

Germanium is a versatile infrared material commonly used in imaging systems and instruments in the 2 to 12 microns spectral region. It is used as a substrate for lenses, windows, and output couplers for low-power CW as well as pulsed TEA, CO2 lasers. The lowest absorbing Ge optics are limited to a throughput power range of 50 to 100 watts before thermal lensing or thermal runaway. These problems are minimized by properly heatsinking the optic and carefully cleaning contaminated optical surfaces.

Ge is non-hygroscopic and non-toxic, has good thermal conductivity, excellent surface hardness, and good strength. II-VI carefully monitors the 10.6µm Ge absorptivity for use in laser applications to assure that thermal runaway and fracture do not occur.

One ideal laser application for Ge is a > 99% reflecting back mirror for a CO2 laser with built-in power meters. A high-reflecting, low-absorption dielectric coating is on one side and an AR coating on the other. The laser operates on the feedback from the high-reflecting side, but enough power leaks through for monitoring by a power meter. II-VI supplies these optics for a number of commercial laser applications.

Germanium (Ge) Transmission Graph

Material Properties

Optical Properties
Bulk Absorption Coefficient @ 10.6µm	< =0.03 /cm
Temperature Change of Refractive Index @ 10.6µm	408 x 10^-6/°C

Thermal Properties
Thermal Conductivity @ 20° C	0.59 W/cm/°C
Specific Heat	0.31 J/g/°C
Linear Expansion Coefficient @ 20° C	5.7 x 10^-6/°C

Mechanical Properties
Young’s Modulus	100 GPa (14.0 x 10⁶ psi)
Rupture Modulus	93 MPa (13,500 psi)
Knoop Hardness	692 kg/mm²
Density	5.32 g/cm³
Poisson’s Ratio	0.27

Wavelength (µm)	Index	Wavelength (µm)	Index	Wavelength (µm)	Index	Wavelength (µm)	Index
2.2	4.0879	5.0	4.0160	7.8	4.0061	10.6	4.0028
2.4	4.0732	5.2	4.0149	8.0	4.0057	10.8	4.0026
2.6	4.0599	5.4	4.0139	8.2	4.0053	11.0	4.0025
2.8	4.0523	5.6	4.0128	8.4	4.0049	11.2	4.0024
3.0	4.0451	5.8	4.0118	8.6	4.0044	11.4	4.0023
3.2	4.0399	6.0	4.0107	8.8	4.0042	11.6	4.0023
3.4	4.0311	6.2	4.0097	9.0	4.0040	11.8	4.0022
3.6	4.0289	6.4	4.0092	9.2	4.0038	12.0	4.0021
3.8	4.0267	6.6	4.0087	9.4	4.0036	12.2	4.0020
4.0	4.0245	6.8	4.0083	9.6	4.0034	12.4	4.0020
4.2	4.0223	7.0	4.0079	9.8	4.0033	12.6	4.0019
4.4	4.0205	7.2	4.0074	10.0	4.0031	12.8	4.0019
4.6	4.0189	7.4	4.0070	10.2	4.0030	13.0	4.0018
4.8	4.0172	7.6	4.0066	10.4	4.0029